And in those last two sentences, finally, we have it, I think. Clarity and language converging into something everyone agrees is true.Do I have to be an engineer to apply engineering? Who did it or when doesn't seem all that important. Somewhere along the line someone did some engineering to optimize the performance of pipes. When those principals are applied the resulting pipe was engineered. The existence of patents suggests that the government's requirements for a sufficiently different approach was established so at sometime in the past engineering was done. Because the individual who manufactured the pipe was a technician/artist not an engineer doesn't mean the pipe itself wasn't engineered. But "engineered" in this case is more the vernacular for conveying general concepts rather than a reflection of real fact. It suggests the a pipe conforms to an established set of standards. Most pipe makers are not engineers but they do apply the work of someone that did the original engineering. [Given all that] Applying the term engineering to pipes is quite reasonable. Applying "Engineer" to the maker is quite another matter.
Thank you, G-Man. :D