I know this one has been raked over quite a bit, but it may be worth another round. Can we pretty much assume that many pipes stamped from a particular country, and famously associated with that country, may well have been partially produced elsewhere? Contractors in Italy, France, Spain, and Poland seem to be busy making stummels and maybe stems for pipes branded and often stamped as made in Denmark, England, Canada, and elsewhere. I'm not identifying a scam. Many of the pipe makers readily admit this, Eric Nording for example. Others are shy and secretive, so likely Dunhill has some work on some pipes down outside UK. I was disillusioned for a while, since part of the fantasy of pipes for me was having items original to various pipe producing countries. But now I'm accepting. It's the market place and if it doesn't pay, the product can't be offered. I still assume that artisanal pipes are made by one person or only a few in a stated place of their residency. Does it matter? Is everybody happy, as the old saying goes? I still insist that MM cobs are made entirely and only in Washington, Missouri, and Dr. Grabow pipes are made only in Sparta, North Carolina ... only and forever. I don't care what else you know, don't tell me about it.