Protectionism was successful in the US (for a variety of reasons) from the end of the Civil War to WWI. I'm not saying I agree with it though. Again, I'm an advocate of free trade in theory and you touched on an important point about the free market not being seen since the 1780's.Don't forget tariffs are taxes. Protectionism has never been successful, its artificial. A free market only works when the consumer is left to decide. So yes there has been a free market, but it's not been seen in the US since Articles of Confederation.
I tend to agree because it goes back to Adam Smith's capitalism vs mercantilism. We used to have a capitalist economy and people still think we do, but we really operate much more like British mercantilism, or what modern Americans call "crony capitalism", which was championed by Henry Clay as the "American System" ("Internal Improvements"), and fully implemented as government policy by his protege Abraham Lincoln (National Banks, railroad subsidies, etc.)
That being said, no country operates a capitalist system today, they all have varying degrees of government control/interference/subsidies (mercantilism, "crony capitalism", socialism etc.), and as such, you will never have truly free trade. So, the best you can hope for is to adjust the trade laws to benefit your own country, which has been a long time coming for the US. We've been getting raped at least since NAFTA in 1994.