You could, but the main problem is that air takes the path of least resistance. Filter pipes are bored for 9mm, and most cellulose cigarette filters are about 8mm in diameter, so the fit will be pretty loose. That leads to most of the smoke going around the cellulose filter rather than through it, so you’re just restricting your draw for little benefit.
In addition to that, pipe tobacco tends to both be moister than cigarette tobacco and smoked in larger quantities, so even if you managed a good initial fit, a cellulose filter would likely be soaked and collapse before the end of the bowl, bringing you right back to the loose fit issue.
Pipe filters are made to survive whole bowls and can absorb significantly more moisture before their performance degrades, so I’d just save the cigarette filters for rollies if I were you.