Aromatic means a 'cased' tobacco- that is, it has flavor added, E.G. cherry, rum, vanilla, etc.
English usually means a blend with latakia, a rich, smoky condiment tobacco.
Balkans have both latakia and other 'oriental' condiment tobaccos.
Straight Virginias have naturally sweeter tobacco, usually more subtle flavor though.
VaPers have Virginia and perique as a condiment tobacco, which adds a spicy kick.
There are other styles out there, but these are the main ones. If you want to smoke something that old Sherlock might have used, you want a latakia forward English blend. Usually not recommended for beginners due to their relatively strong flavor and pungent room aroma. BUT, if you want something like that try Dunhill Nightcap or Mixture 965. Latakia blends became popular due to Britain's purity laws, which forbid most casings or added flavors, so blenders just started to mix a wide variety of tobacco to get lots of natural flavors.